Riau

Riau is a province of Indonesia, located in the center of Sumatra island along the Strait of Malacca. The provincial capital and largest city is Pekanbaru. Other major cities includes Dumai, Bagansiapiapi, Bengkalis, Bangkinang, Rengat and Siak Sri Indrapura.

Indonesian was based on the Riau version of Malay language.

Riau is one of the richest provinces in Indonesia. This province is rich with natural resources, particularly petroleum and natural gas, rubber, and palm oil.

The province was once heavily forested lowlands, but with palm oil plantations and logging being major industries it is losing around 2,000 square km of forest per year. In 2005 the forest cover was down to 33% (or 27.000 square km) from 78% (or 64.000 square km) in 1982.^[2] Being a province with a predominantly low relief, the coastal regions are rapidly losing land to the ocean.

The Riau Islands were part of Riau until 2004, when they were made into a separate province.

Capital	Pekanbaru
Governor	Rusli Zainal
Area	82,232 km2 (31,750 sq mi)
Population	4,948,000 (2000)
Density	60.2 /km2 (156 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Malay (38%), Javanese (25%), Minangkabau (11%), Batak (7%), Banjarese (4%), Chinese (4%), Buginese (2%) [1]
Religion	Muslim (88%), Protestant (1%), Catholic (5%), Buddhist (6%), Hindu (0.2%)
Languages	Malay, Indonesian, Minangkabau
Time zone	WIB (UTC+7)
Web site	www.riau.go.id Economy The economy of Riau expanded faster (8.66% in 2006) than Indonesian average (6.04% in 2006). Thanks to mainly resource based economy, be it crude oil (600,000 bpd), palm oil and other forest products. Local government income benefit from greater share of revenue of tax (mainly crude oil) due to decentralization law in 2004. Riau Indonesian The dialect of Indonesian spoken in this region is considered by linguists as having one of the least complex grammars among the languages of the world (apart from creoles), possessing neither noun declensions, nor temporal distinctions, nor subject/object distinctions, nor singular/plural distinction. For example, the phrase Ayam makan (lit. 'chicken eat') can mean, in context, anything from 'the chicken is eating', to 'I ate some chicken', 'the chicken that is eating' and 'when we were eating chicken'.[4] A possible reason for this is that Riau Indonesian has been used as a lingua franca for communication between different people in this area during its history, and extensive foreign-language use of this kind tends to simplify the grammar of a language used.[5] Riau Indonesian served as a basis for the modern national language of Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia, which however has extensive additional influence from Chinese, Arabic, Dutch and English, among others.

Banten

Banten is a province of Indonesia, located at the western end of Java Island. Banten has an area of 9,160.7 km² and population of 9,083,114 (2005). Banten was established in October 2000 after being separated from West Java province. The capital of the province is Serang.

Motto: "Iman Taqwa" (Faith and Piety)
Capital	Serang
Governor	Ratu Atut Chosiyah
Area	9,160.7 km2 (3,537 sq mi)
Population	9,083,114 (2005)
Density	991.5 /km2 (2,568 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Bantenese (47%), Sundanese (23%), Javanese (12%), Betawi (10%), Chinese (1%) [1]
Religion	Islam (96.6%), Protestant (1.2%), Catholic (1%), Buddhism (0.7%), Hindu (0.4%)
Languages	Indonesian, Javanese, Sundanese
Time zone	WIB (UTC+7)
Web site	www.banten.go.id

History

Banten in the fifth century was part of the Tarumanagara kingdom. A stone inscription, called Prasasti Cidanghiang, coming from Tarumanagara era can be found at Lebak area at the bank of Cidanghiang river, in Pandeglang Regency, Banten. The Prasasti Cidanghiang, found in 1947, contains 2 lines of poetic sentences in Sanskrit written in Pallava characters. The inscription proclaims Purnawarman as the standard for rulers around the world.^[2]

After Tarumanagara power declined, probably due to a series of invasions from Srivijaya kingdom, all Tarumanagara territory, including Banten, was controlled by Sunda kingdom. Banten was part of Sunda kingdom; based on travel records of Prince Bujangga Manik, a Hindu Sundanese monk who visited all of the holy Hindu sites in Java Island and Bali Island at the beginning of the sixteenth century AD. These manuscripts are saved in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University of England since the 16th century.^[3]

In this era of Sunda kingdom, Banten became one of the important ports of the kingdom. Portuguese historical record indicate that Sunda kingdom included the city of Dayo Pakuan Pajajaran (currently Bogor city), the town and lands and port of Banten, the port of Pontang, the port of Cigede, the port of Tangaram (Tangerang), the port of Sunda Kalapa, and the port of Cimanuk.^[4]

In 1524/1525, Sunan Gunung Jati from Cirebon Sultanate (former vassal Sunda kingdom) together with Demak Sultanate armies seized port of Banten from the control of Sunda kingdom, and established Banten Sultanate affiliating to Demak Sultanate. Islam preachers have penetrated and introduced people the peaceful way of life of Islam and as result many people in the region embraced Islam as their belief.

During 1552-1570, Maulana Hasanudin ruled as the first Sultan of Banten.

Banten then become a part of West Java province in 1925 when Dutch Colonial established West Java province, the first province in Indonesia, referring to a statement from Staatblad number 378.

In the present day, the area of Sultanate of Banten is a province. The province was established on 17 October 2000 through the Law Number 23/2000, but the peak of celebration to the establishment happened on 4 October 2000 when tens of thousands of citizen of Banten came to the People's Representative Council (DPR) building at South Jakarta, at the same time as the plenary meeting of the parliament to authenticate the law of forming the Province of Banten. Therefore the society of Banten mutually agree to set 4 October 2000 as day of the establishment of Banten Province.

Demographics

As of the 2005, the population of Banten is estimated to be 9,308,944. As of the 1990 census, the population was 5,967,907 (increased approximately 55.986% in 15 years).^[5] The two biggest regencies in terms of population are Tangerang, and Serang. Tangerang Regency is inhabited mostly by Sundanese meanwhile Serang Regency is inhabited mostly by Javanese. Together, these regencies make up approximately 55.76% of the Banten population. Major urban population centers are Serang, Cilegon, Tangerang and South Tangerang cities.

Banten consists of Bantenese, Sundanese and Javanese.^[1] Sundanese toponyms are common in these regions which often begins with the morpheme ci-, which means "river" or "water".^[6] In urban centers, other minorities such as Chinese Indonesians and Arabs are common.

Language

The most dominant language is Sundanese.^[7][8] The indigenous people living in Banten Province speak a Sundanese dialect derived from archaic Sundanese language. The dialect is classified as informal or harsh layer in modern Sundanese language, having different layers as Javanese language.^[9]

However, in the towns of Serang and Cilegon, the Banten dialect of the Javanese language is also used by Javanese ethnic group.^[8] And, in Northern part of Tangerang, Indonesian language with Betawi dialect is also used by Betawi immigrants. Besides Sundanese, Javanese and Betawi dialect, Indonesian language is also widely spoken especially by other ethnic immigrants from other parts of Indonesia especially in urban centers.

Culture

Golok is the traditional weapon in Banten and Kujang is used by Kanekes (Baduy) people of Banten.